Network Supervisor's Toolkit/Network Supervisor's Toolkit.iso/novell/pds93a/pdsfeb93.txt

Text File | 1996-07-10 | 95.3 KB | 2,637 lines

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Novell Professional Developer
B  U  L  L  E  T  S
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FEBRUARY 1993
Volume 5 Number 2
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MAD'S COLUMN
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Hello and welcome to the February 1993 issue of Bullets!

A question of concern that I have heard lately pertains to
the distinction between and the futures for the NetWare
Client SDK and the NetWare C Interface SDKs (DOS, Windows,
OS/2 and Macintosh). Currently, each of these products are
available to members of the Professional Developers' Program.

The more mature NetWare C Interface SDKs are being combined,
along with additional functionality for awaited NetWare 3.x
"fconsole" services and NetWare 4.0 services, into the
NetWare Client SDK. (Other OS libraries will be added in the
next release of the NetWare Client SDK.)

The NetWare Client SDK is currently in its "Early" release
stage and is not yet as complete as the existing NetWare C
Interface SDKs. In anticipation of the NetWare Client SDK
being upgraded from "Early" to "Evolving" in the SDK Grading
System, our plan is to release it following the release of
NetWare 4.0.

Novell is committed to producing an SDK with one common
interface -one solution for all platforms. Accomplishing this
goal means the gradual replacement of the NetWare C Interface
SDKs' library sets. Support for these SDKs will be provided
for one year once each product has been discontinued.

I hope this information assists you in purchasing and using
these products.

Happy_Programming!

Mad Poarch
Director
Developer Support/Service



**********************************************
**********************************************
ARTICLES:
Messaging Demystified:
An Overview of NetWare MHS
**********************************************
**********************************************

As networks and organizations become more geographically
distributed, there is an growing need to utilize store-and-
forward technology. Known more commonly as "messaging,"
store-and-forward technology yields many benefits including
control of network traffic, reduced telephone costs, better
interpersonal information flow, and more efficient use of
computing resources. With these benefits, messaging presents
an important form of client/server communication you should
keep in mind when designing and developing applications. This
article provides an introduction to the different
applications messaging technology, discusses Novell messaging
solutions, and describes the Novell API that developers can
use to build messaging-based solutions.


**********************************************
Applications of Messaging Technology
**********************************************

Many people think of messaging as electronic mail, but this
is only one of many different applications of messaging
technology. This misperception is due to the high visibility
of this person-to-person form of store-and-forward
technology. Messaging is actually the process of "deferred
delivery" of any type of data or information between two or
more cooperative end-points. After submission to the
messaging system, the forwarded data or information is
consumed by a person or a process at some point in the
future. When received, the message might trigger the start of
some automated process or it might simply update someone on
important information. This deferred delivery can be used
like any other form of interprocess communication where
store-and-forward properties can be used to their advantage.

While direct communication links generally come to mind when
designing a client/server application, many business
solutions do not require on-line communications to complete a
task. In many situations the completion of a task can occur
within some reasonable time, which might be minutes, hours,
or even up to a day or two later. In these situations,
asynchronous processing can be triggered by using a store-
and-forward messaging system to send a set of instructions
from a client application to some messaging-aware service.


Four Categories of Messaging

There are four categories of messaging solutions. These
include:

*       Person-to-person
*       Person-to-process
*       Process-to-person
*       Process-to-process

Person-to-person messaging involves the transmission of
information between people. E-mail is the best example of
this type of messaging in which the message content might be
text and/or binary attachments that may have been generated
by a word processor or spreadsheet.

With person-to-process messaging, a person submits a message
to a process which might cause the process to perform some
action. An electronic library from which a person can request
library documents is an example of this form; when the
library receives the request the document is returned.

With process-to-person messaging, a process sends a message
to a person in an automated fashion. An example of this form
of messaging might be a financial report system that creates
a report at pre-defined intervals and sends a copy of the
report to various people.

Process-to-process messaging is another form of interprocess
communications (IPC) in which one process sends information
or requests to another process. An example of this would be
database synchronization from a central system to remote
databases for data that does not require real-time-access.
More specifcally, it might include the automatic transmission
of sales data from remote sites to a central accounting
system in order to tally daily sales worldwide.


Architectural Model of a Messaging System

Another commonly misunderstood aspect of messaging is the
architectural model of a messaging system. Figure 1 shows a
simple layer diagram of a messaging system and the
relationship of the components.

**********************************************
FIGURE 1: Relationship of messaging system components

|--------------------------------------------|
|                 Messaging                  |
|                Application                 |
|--------------------------------------------|
|          Application Programming           |
|              Interface (API)               |
|--------------------------------------------|
|             |               |              |
|  Messaging  |   Routing     |  Management  |
|  Directory  |   & Delivery  |              |
|             |               |              |
|--------------------------------------------|

END of FIGURE 1
**********************************************


At the top of the diagram is the messaging application. This
level defines the message content and rules for submitting
and processing the information exchanged through the
underlying delivery system. Any process that does not require
an immediate response can be defined according to a set of
application-specific rules, and then be implemented on the
underlying delivery system.

The application level gains access into the delivery system
through a set of APIs. These APIs grant the application
access to a variety of messaging services, including
directory services and message routing/delivery. Recently,
there has been some confusion between the distinction of a
messaging API and the delivery system itself. Although it is
subtle, the selection of the API does not always dictate
which messaging service is used. In fact it is quite possible
to support a number of APIs concurrently over a common
delivery service providing the delivery system is robust and
comprehensive. However, selecting an API that is closely
associated with the underlying messaging system can result in
more complete access to the underlying richness of the
messaging service.

In the context of messaging, the directory is primarily a
store of known addresses for potential message recipients and
may contain routing information used by the messaging
"engine" for message delivery. Typically applications use
this directory store to select recipients' messaging
addresses. One of the most important features of a directory
is that synchronization of content is managed in an automated
manner concurrently with normal message delivery. This
ensures directory consistency, enhances reliability and
robustness, and offers cleaner and less labor-intensive
administration of multiple messaging servers. Non-automated
synchronization or off-line synchronization results in system
message downtime and added administrative overhead.

Message delivery and routing is the most important and
ideally the most invisible service to the application level.
Among its many tasks, the messaging system expands
distribution lists, canonizes messages, determines
appropriate routing, communicates with other messaging
servers over asynchronous or network connections, delivers
the messages, and generates delivery and non-delivery
notifications.

If the delivery system is robust and reliable, the details at
this level are transparent to the application (as they well
should be). It is also important that the messaging system
provide a thorough set of messaging semantics to support
interoperability with any other messaging systems that might
be in use. A weak implementation results in lost information
during gateway translation.

The manageability, configurability, and robustness of this
layer are also critical to facilitate application needs.
Flexibility in configuring forwarding intervals, durations,
etc., facilitate coarse deterministic behavior which might be
a requirement for certain applications (e.g. one hour or less
delivery required), and it also facilitates more efficient
use of expensive links and CPU resources. As such, the
management tools for the delivery system must be complete as
well.


**********************************************
Novell Messaging Solutions
**********************************************

Novell provides a family of messaging solutions that enable a
variety of applications to leverage this technology. These
solutions are based upon a core set of technology called
NetWare Message Handling Service (MHS). NetWare MHS forms the
delivery system for application use. In relation to the
architectural model described earlier, NetWare MHS forms all
of the services beneath the API, has a native API (discussed
below) and can support alternate APIs. While there are over
150 commercially available products spanning e-mail, fax
service, forms processing, scheduling/calendaring, and
workflow, there are hundreds of corporate IS applications
which are designed to use NetWare MHS for other business
needs.

NetWare MHS solutions are tailored for the various
environments which require messaging. NetWare Global MHS
provides comprehensive messaging services that are highly
integrated with the NetWare 3.x and 4.0 operating systems.
This NLM-based solution has the advantage of enhanced
management control for both centralized and decentralized
organizations. Because NetWare Global MHS is well integrated
with NetWare and is based upon the existing services included
in NetWare, many of the administrative functions are
inherited from existing management of current NetWare
services.

Two of the key features of NetWare Global MHS are on-line
directory synchronization and protocol module support.
Directory synchronization allows a collection of cooperating
messaging servers to synchronize their directories of
"mailboxes" and message routes while the messaging system is
up. This reduces administrative requirements and increases
system reliability.

Add-on protocol modules allow NetWare Global MHS to cleanly
integrate with other messaging technologies including SNADS,
SMTP, and X.400 environments. Protocol module integration
also enables directory synchronization between SNADS hosts
and UNIX-based SMTP servers, and it allows messaging
"tunneling" so that non-MHS-based backbones can transport MHS
messages without multiple message translations (common to
today's gateway solutions). The richness of messaging
semantics also has resulted in connectivity to virtually
every messaging system through third-party gateways.

For NetWare 2.x, NetWare Lite, and mobile DOS users, DOS-
based NetWare MHS solutions offer message delivery that fully
interoperates with NetWare Global MHS. NetWare MHS is also
available as a "local delivery" solution

(NetWare Basic MHS) providing identical message submission
and delivery services for a collection of mailboxes residing
on a single volume.


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Novell's Standard Message Format (SMF) API
**********************************************

Messaging applications gain access to the NetWare MHS
delivery system through a file-based API called Standard
Message Format (SMF). While alternate messaging APIs such as
VIM, MAPI, OCE and CMC can be supported over NetWare MHS, SMF
is the native API to NetWare MHS. As a result, applications
developed to this API will have full access to the
functionality offered by the messaging system.

Because it is a file-based API, SMF has a number of important
characteristics. Three key benefits include cross-platform
support, code efficiency, and the ability to utilize
messaging from any environment capable of creating a
structured text file. SMF presents an identical API for use
on DOS, Windows, OS/2, Macintosh, and UNIX. As the API
evolves to include future functionality, new features are
immediately available to all platforms without dependence on
functionally. Since an application specific subset of SMF can
be chosen, applications are not burdened with the additional
overhead of unnecessary code that might otherwise be included
via a library. Finally, development can occur from a variety
of environments such as spreadsheet macros, batch files, UNIX
script files, or any high level language.

SMF is a simple API, but it offers access to several very
comprehensive optional services. Simple applications can send
a message with as few as three text lines, or send any file
attachment with as few as four text lines. At the other end
of the spectrum, SMF enables sophisticated application and
gateway development which can support advanced features such
as:

*       Up to 64 attachments with file-type notification and
        file date(s)
*       Message importance indication
*       Message sensitivity indication
*       Unlimited recipients
*       Message expiration indication
*       Blind CC
*       Message forwarding
*       Efficient form transmission
*       Return receipt notification on delivery and message read

The SMF API consists of a set of text verbs (headers) which
are separated from parameters by a colon (:). The textual
parameter content and number of parameters is dependent upon
the header. There are over 50 standard headers defined in
SMF, and SMF includes the ability to expand the verb-set
through the use of "OEM" defined headers. The examples in
Figure 2 show a simple person-to-person text message and a
person-to-process attachment transmission.

**********************************************
FIGURE 2: Example SMF messages

  Example A: Person-to-process messaging

    SMF-71
    To: Documentation Library @ Marketing.California.Haley
        Corporation
    From: J P Herriman @ Marketing.New York.Haley Corporation
    Subject: STORE AS: New Collateral
    Attachment: brochure

  Example B: Person-to-person messaging

    SMF-71
    To: J P Herriman @ Marketing.New York.Haley Corporation
    From: S D Becker @ Sales.California.Haley Corporation
    Subject: New Collateral Comments

    The new collateral you sent is very useful. These have
    contributed to a 50% increase in sales just this month!

    Thanks!

END of FIGURE 2
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In example A, J. P. Herriman is sending a brochure as an
attachment to a message. The brochure is being sent to a
library service which uses "STORE AS:" in the subject line as
a command to save the attachment in the library under the
specified name. This is an example of person-to-process
messaging. In person-to-person messaging example B, S. D.
Becker is sending J. P. Herriman a simple e-mail message
commenting on a sales success, after using the brochure from
the library.

To develop an SMF-based application, only two tools are
required. The SMF Programmer's Reference defines the syntax
and use of the message headers and a NetWare MHS delivery
system provides the test environment. No compilers, linkers,
or libraries are necessary although sophisticated
applications may find a high-level language useful. Simpler
applications might only require batch file creation or
application macro development.

Using the messaging system requires at least four key phases:

1)      Message creation, when an SMF-formatted file is created

2)      Message submission, when the SMF file and any
        attachments are copied into a standard directory
        structure which is accessible by the NetWare MHS server

3)      Message delivery is transparent to the application when
        NetWare MHS picks up the message from the directory and
        forwards it on to the destination mailbox (a directory
        that is associated with the specified messaging address)

4)      Message receipt and processing, when the message and any
        attachments are extracted from the recipient "mailbox"
        directory structure.

In this example, an SMF formatted message is created. Its
associated attachment is copied into the vol:\mhs
\mail\parcel directory and then the SMF file is copied into
the vol:\mhs \mail\parcel\snd directory. The NetWare MHS
engine recognizes the presence of the files, parses the SMF
file to determine proper routing, and forwards the message to
another NetWare MHS engine. This engine determines that the
recipient is for a local mailbox and delivers the attachment
file to the vol:\mhs\mail\user\bharris\iparcel directory, and
sends the SMF file to the vol:\mhs\mail\user\bharris\mhs
directory.


**********************************************
For More Information
**********************************************

This article provides a good introduction to messaging
development using SMF to access NetWare MHS services. For
more information, obtain a copy of the SMF v71 Programmer's
Reference through Novell Literature Fulfillment by calling 1-
800-NETWARE and requesting part number 100-0001213-001.
Registered Novell developers can also obtain the SMF v71
Software Developer's Kit for MHS by contacting the Novell
Professional Developers' Programsm at 1-800-NETWARE or 1-801-
429-5588.



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ARTICLES:
Writing 32-bit OS/2 Apps in the NetWare Environment
**********************************************
**********************************************

Novell's NetWare OS/2 Developer's Kit v2.0 and the NetWare
Client SDK open up the world of NetWare to OS/2 application
developers. These SDKs allow you to design and implement
applications that are compatible with OS/2 v2.0, the 32-bit
version of IBM's multitasking
operating system. While 32-bit users appreciate the better
performance and flexibility of OS/2 v2.0, application
developers have a more complex task when adapting projects to
this new version of the operating system.

One situation that requires special handling is when a
development project involves the use of 16-bit APIs (like
Novell's) in a 32-bit application. Such cases require special
techniques like thunking to translate 32-bit addresses for
variables, so they can be used inside 16-bit APIs.

The APIs provided with the NetWare Client SDK and the NetWare
OS/2 Developer's Kit are 16-bit functions. This article
presents several examples to outline the requirements for and
limitations on using these 16-bit APIs in 32-bit OS/2 v2.0
applications.


**********************************************
Overview and Definitions
**********************************************

In the OS/2 environment, references to 16-bit versus 32-bit
usually denote the number of bits used to store an address.
16-bit addresses follow the older Intel 8086 format, in that
the addresses consist of two words (each 16 bits in length),
a segment word, and an offset. Together, these components
create a physical memory address for either a function call
or data variable. This addressing method limits the largest
address within any given segment to be less than 0xFFFF or
64K. The largest data object referenced by a 16-bit address
must also be less than 64K in order to be addressed by one
segment. 16-bit addressing is often referred to as "tiled"
memory.

32-bit applications overcome this limitation by using
"linear" memory. A linear address is one 32-bit long word
that maps directly to a memory location up to 4GB. 32-bit
addressing requires the use of microprocessors with 32-bit
registers, such as the Intel 80386 and 80486 chips. Faster
processors and faster data access (because there is no need
to translate tiled addresses) make 32-bit programming
desirable.

OS/2 v2.0 anticipates the need for running 16-bit
applications in 32-bit mode. It handles this situation
through the use of Local Description Tiling (LDT), which maps
the two different types of addresses in a manner that is
transparent to the application as it is running.


Requirements for Mixed-Address Programming

Successful mixed-address programming requires that all
variables be translated before they are used by the
addressing scheme in effect. This rule applies to both
functions and data. From 32-bit OS/2 code, 16-bit function
calls must be declared 16-bit using #pragma statements or
special type declaratives. Further, if these 16-bit functions
use pointers as formal parameters, these pointers must be
converted to 16-bit addresses prior to making the function
call.

In some cases, a compiler will create a pointer to a variable
of a size corresponding to the default addressing scheme in
effect; e.g., a 32-bit pointer will point to a 32-bit
variable (unless specifically cast) and a 16-bit pointer will
point to a variable type modified as 16-bit. In particular,
automatic variables, which are allocated on the program
stack, will be allocated by default as 32-bit because the
stack is allocated with the code in one 32-bit section. A
non-typed pointer to these variables will be a 32-bit
address. Static or external variables may be 16-bit if mixed
addressing has been enabled.


Limitations of Mixed-Address Programming

One caveat of mixed-address programming is that you must be
aware of the actual amount of storage referenced by any
pointer that will be translated to a different address size.
32-bit pointers can reference large portions of memory, but
when they are tiled onto 16-bit addresses, the pointers are
reduced to a maximum usable storage size of 64K. The pointer
will be properly aligned to the start of the segment, but
data beyond 64K will be inaccessible to the APIs. If pointers
referring to a data buffer larger than 64K are passed to the
APIs, inconsistent results will occur.


**********************************************
Using 16-bit NetWare OS/2 Libraries
**********************************************

Preparing your code for compiling is the most time-consuming
part of using 16-bit libraries. Each external function call
in a 16-bit library must be declared as such by thunking the
external reference. If any pointers are passed as formal
parameters to these functions, the pointers must also be
thunked.

Each OS/2 compiler handles thunking differently. The net
result is a macro translation or function call that will
modify how the machine code addresses the reference. The
examples provided in this article use IBM's C/SET2 Compiler.

(Ed. Note: At the time of this article, only the C/SET2
compiler was available for testing. Other 32-bit compilers
for OS/2 like the WATCOM C compiler and Borland's C++, are
available. Results and examples for these compilers are
available on CompuServe in Novell's NOVDEV forum.)


Modifying the 16-bit APIs

In The Design of OS/2, authors Deitel and Kogan define a
thunk as a "layer of procedures that takes 16-bit API
requests, converts them into 32-bit requests, issues the
requests, and then completes the API return condition with
16-bit semantics" (p. 97). Thunking is therefore the process
of making a 16-bit API function like a 32-bit API. The
examples in this article demonstrate how this conversion can
be achieved from within the NetWare Client SDK and OS/2
Developer's Kit v2.0 header files.

The CSET/2 compiler uses the _Seg16 type modifier to declare
a 16-bit pointer. The _Seg16 type modifier may only be used
on a pointer. To declare a 16-bit function, CSET/2 uses the
_Far16 type modifier; the #pragma seg16 statement has the
same effect by declaring a data object that can be accessed
by 16- or 32-bit code.

The most efficient way to handle the function declaration
change is to modify the header files to include the thunking
information whenever the files are in use by a 32-bit
compiler. Using a macro definition to trigger a conditional
compile is a common method. The code in Figure 3 demonstrates
the necessary modifications to implement this definition.

***********************************************
FIGURE 3: Header modifications to automatically include
"thunking" information

  #ifndef IS32BIT
    // we are not using 32-bit code, so undefine
    // the thunking types to avoid compiler errors
  #define _Seg16
  #define _Far16
    // define the default external function type
  #define API extern WORD far pascal
  #define DWAPI extern DWORD far pascal
  #else
    // 32-bit code is in effect, check the compiler type
  #ifndef CSET2
    // for now, we are only using the CSET compiler
    // so undefine the types if another is being used
  #define _Seg16
  #define _Far16
    // default linkage is just far pascal
  #define API extern WORD far pascal
  #define DWAPI extern DWORD far pascal
  #else
    // CSet/2 compiler already has _Seg16 and _Far16
    // defined, leave them alone.
    // default far linkage is 16-bit
  #define API extern WORD _Far16 _Pascal
  #define DWAPI extern DWORD _Far16 _Pascal
  #endif
  #endif

END of FIGURE 3
***********************************************

The method shown in Figure 3 requires that two macros be
defined in order to activate the 16-bit thunking: IS32BIT and
CSET2. The IS32BIT macro will signal that mixed address code
is in effect. Inside this #ifdef statement, thunking
definitions for several compilers may be included. The CSET2
macro defines which compiler is in use. Since the thunking
syntax may change from compiler to compiler, there must be a
#if test to define the 16-bit types and function linkage.

This conditional code can be inserted in the first API header
file to be included (NWCALLS.H or NWCALDEF.H). The code will
define a macro API that expands into the external function
linkage type for each API function call. The function
declarations themselves must also be modified to be of return
type API. For example:

        API NWRemoveJobFromQueue(
           WORD connID, DWORD queueID,
           WORD JobNum);

The _Seg16 and _Far16 keywords must also be defined. In the
case of the CSET/2 compiler, these macros are left unchanged.
However, if you are not using a 32-bit compiler, or if the
compiler syntax differs from that of IBM's CSET/2 compiler,
these keywords must be changed to match the thunking
semantics for the other compiler.

In addition to handling the 16-bit linkage, the API headers
must also be modified to declare any pointers passed as
formal parameters to be 16-bit pointers. This can also be
done with the _Seg16 keyword, as shown below:

        API NWCreateQueueFile(WORD connID,
           DWORD queueID, QueueJobStruct far * _Seg16 job,
           WORD far * _Seg16 fileHandle);

Notice that both the far and _Seg16 type modifiers are
included. In 32-bit code, the far type modifier has no
effect. With a 16-bit compiler, the _Seg16 type modifier is
undefined. This situation is consistent with the goal of
being able to share these header files between different
compilers and target addressing schema.

To complete the thunking procedure, data structures which may
be declared in the 32-bit code and passed either by value or
reference to the APIs must be modified so that any pointer
variables use the _Seg16 type modifier. This following
structure, from the SPX services, provides an example of the
changes you should make to the data structure definitions:

        typedef struct
        {
          VOID FAR  * _Seg16 fragAddress;
          USHORT      fragSize;

        } SPXECBFrag;

Note that using the #pragma seg16 directive for the struct,
as in:

        #pragma seg16(ECBfrag)
        SPXECBFrag ECBfrag;

will declare the structure as a 16-bit data item, but will
not modify the pointers within the structure.


Calling 16-bit APIs

The modifications described above to the header files
encompass the necessary changes to create thunks for each
API. The use of these thunked APIs is not totally
transparent, however. Certain precautions are required when
using thunked APIs; in order to successfully use thunked
APIs, the calling side must properly convert parameters and
abide by the 64KB size restriction.

As mentioned before, parameters that are passed into 16-bit
APIs must be of a type compatible with 16-bit addressing.
Pointer variables must be 16-bit addresses; they can be
explicitly declared as 16-bit addresses through the use of
the _Seg16 modifier. If the pointer is created dynamically
(i.e., through the "address of" symbol (&)), its address type
will be equivalent to the model in effect. That is, if a
pointer to a variable is created by using its address, the
address size will reflect the model in effect when the
variable is declared. If the variable is an automatic
variable, its reference will be a 32-bit pointer, since the
stack resides within a 32-bit function. An effective solution
is to declare an automatic variable of type _Seg16 and assign
it to the reference created through the use of the "address
of" symbol (see Figure 4).

***********************************************
FIGURE 4: Automatic pointer thunk example

extern funct16(
  WORD FAR * _Seg16 Point16);

funct32(void)
{
  WORD FAR * _Seg16 addr;
  WORD theVariable;

    // instead of:
  funct16(&theVariable);

    // use:
  addr = &theVariable;
  funct16(addr);

  ...

END of FIGURE 4
***********************************************

Alternatively, there may be a compiler switch that signals
that mixed addressing is being used. With the CSET/2
compiler, this switch is "/Gt+." When you use this switch,
external and static variables are 16-bit, automatic variables
are 32-bit. References to these variables via the "address
of" operator are 16-bit pointers. You could then call the
above function, as shown in Figure 5, which is somewhat
simpler.

***********************************************
FIGURE 5: Static pointer thunk example

extern funct16(WORD FAR * _Seg16 Point16);
WORD Var16;

  funct32(void)
  {
    funct16(&Var16);

  ...

END of FIGURE 5
***********************************************

This second approach may work better for the NetWare APIs,
since there are a number of variables that are passed by
reference which are also shared between most of the APIs
(e.g., ConnectionID).

When writing mixed-address NetWare applications, pay
attention to the data item size. In most cases, the compiler
will correctly translate a huge data object to a 16-bit
address, so that it begins at the start of a data segment and
continues allocating across as many segments as required by
its size.

However the APIs in the NetWare libraries make no provisions
for crossing segment boundaries. Therefore, with buffers less
than 64KB in size that are passed to NetWare APIs, only the
first 64KB of data will be used.


**********************************************
Compiling Mixed-Address Applications
**********************************************

The IBM CSET/2 compiler has several switches or #pragmas
available which must be set to properly compile 32-bit code
which references 16-bit APIs. These switches control stack
options and sizes, structure allocation and dynamic memory
handling with mixed addresses, as well as the default
variable size switch already mentioned (/Gt+).


Stacks

A stack option enables a 16-bit stack, as well as the default
32-bit stack. This 16-bit stack will be allocated statically
at runtime for use with calls to 16-bit APIs. The correct
syntax for creating a 16-bit stack is:

        #pragma stack16 <size>

where "<size>" is the value in bytes and must be between 512
and 65532. The default size is 4K.


Structures

Pay close attention to alignment within the structure.
Structures in 32-bit models are aligned on double word
boundaries, while 16-bit models align structures on word
boundaries. The NetWare APIs expect structures to be aligned
on byte boundaries. Once again, this requirement can usually
be met with a compiler switch. IBM's CSET/2 compiler uses
#pragma pack <size>, where the size is 1, 2 or 4. The#pragma
statements remains in effect from when the statement is
encountered during compilation until the next #pragma pack
statement, or the end of the code unit. In order to have the
structure similarly aligned for use with the NetWare APIs,
include the statement,

        #pragma pack 1

early in the compilation cycle (for example, in the first
NWCalls header file). Alternatively, you can use the "/Sp"
compiler switch.


Memory Allocation

If you allocate memory dynamically for buffers that you are
going to pass to 16-bit APIs, make certain that the memory
allocation routines create the buffers so that they will not
cross segment boundaries. With the CSET/2 compiler, this
option is again set with the "/Gt+" switch, which enables
_tcalloc, _trealloc and _tfree for use in creating 16-bit
compatible buffers.


**********************************************
Linking Mixed-Address Applications
**********************************************

Overall, there are no specific requirements for linking
mixed-addresses applications, once you have created the
appropriate object code. Still, when selecting C libraries,
pay attention to availability of necessary OS/2 APIs.

IPX/SPX Communication Services under OS/2 and its dependents
(as well as Novell's implementations of NetBIOS and Named
Pipes) make use of 16-bit semaphores. When linking these
types of applications, the migration libraries which contain
16-bit semaphores should be used (i.e., OS2386.LIB which
comes with IBM's CSET/2 compiler).


**********************************************
For More Information
**********************************************

Following these guidelines, the NetWare OS/2 Developer's Kit
and the NetWare Client SDK allow developers to create 32-bit
OS/2 applications that can take full advantage of the
features of the NetWare operating system. For more
information on the procedures described in this article or to
request a set of thunked header files, please contact the
Developer Support Group at 1-800-NETWARE or 1-801-429-5588.

To purchase this SDK or any other Novell development tools,
contact Novell Developer Relations at 1-800-NETWARE or 1-801-
429-5588.




**********************************************
**********************************************
TECHNICAL INSIGHTS:
New AIOCOMX.NLM Driver Available
(Network C for NLMs v2.0 (d))
**********************************************
**********************************************

The December 1992 issue of Bullets reported that
AIOWriteData() allows partial writes (Technical Insights,
"AIOWriteData() Documentation Update"). This condition
resulted from a problem with AIOCOMX.NLM, which has now been
corrected. A new version of AIOCOMX.NLM is available that
rejects partial writes and complies fully with the
documentation. The new version can be downloaded from
Novell's CompuServe forum NOVLIB (LIB 9, filename AIOX.ZIP).



**********************************************
**********************************************
TECHNICAL INSIGHTS:
Outer Joins on Computed Fields
(NetWare SQL v3.0)
**********************************************
**********************************************

When a CREATE VIEW statement is used to create a view with a
computed field whose resulting type is an integer, that
computed field is considered to be a four-byte integer. This
is important when using this field as part of an outer (or
null) join, since the data type and length of the join fields
must match exactly for an outer join. For example, in the
statement,

        CREATE VIEW Test (T1, T2)
        AS SELECT F1, 100 FROM Tbl1

the field "T2" is a four-byte integer containing the value
100. Consequently, the statement,

        SELECT * FROM Test, Tbl2
        WHERE Test.T2 = Tbl2.fld(+)

will only work if "Tbl2.fld" is a four-byte integer, and is
also an index (or the first segment of an index) on table
"Tbl2." Unless both of these conditions are met, NetWare SQL
will return a status 220 (No Matching Index on Secondary
Keys).

Currently, a problem associated with NetWare SQL v3.0b causes
the above SELECT statement to return an status 875 (Only a
right Outer Join Is Supported), even if "Tbl2.fld" is a four-
byte integer and an index.

To alleviate this problem, create the view at the Relational
Primitive level instead of using SQL statements. Use the
xCompute function to specify the computed field, since the
xCompute function has parameters that allow the application
to specify both the type and size of the resulting field. In
this case, the computed field can be created as either a two-
or four-byte integer, whichever is needed for the outer join.


**********************************************
**********************************************
TECHNICAL INSIGHTS:
Using the T_MORE Flag with SPX Protocol
(Network C for NLMs v2.0 (e))
**********************************************
**********************************************

When you call t_rcv(), one of the parameters passed is the
size of the buffer that was passed. When this buffer is
filled, t_rcv() returns. If the buffers for t_snd() and
t_rcv() are exactly the same size, this is exactly how it
should behave. In some cases, however , if t_rcv() has a
larger buffer than t_snd(), one might expect t_rcv() to
return after the first call to t_snd(), and not wait for the
buffer to be filled by multiple t_snd() calls, but the actual
behavior of the call depends on how the T_MORE flag.

The T_MORE flag determines how the t_rcv() returns. If you
call t_snd() with the T_MORE flag clear, t_rcv() will return
with only a portion of its buffer filled. If you set the
T_MORE flag, t_rcv() will not return, and will wait for more
of its buffer to be filled.



**********************************************
**********************************************
TECHNICAL INSIGHTS:
Network C for NLMs Documentation Error
(Network C for NLMs v2.0 (x))
**********************************************
**********************************************

The example program on Page 3-23 of the NLM Library Reference
Volume 1 is incorrect. If executed as is, the custom data for
the NLM, which is stored in the global variable,
globalString, will be NULL. This problem results from an
uninitialized global variable that is set to NULL before the
program begins execution. The data is read into the
globalString variable correctly, but this occurs before the
uninitialized global variables have been set to NULL.

When creating the globalString global variable assign a value
to the string. Doing so will prevent the string from being
set to NULL before the program executes.



**********************************************
**********************************************
TECHNICAL INSIGHTS:
Correct Usage of Btrieve Operation 42
(NetWare Btrieve (NLM) v6.0)
**********************************************
**********************************************

The new NetWare Btrieve v6.0 operation 42, used to place
Btrieve files into Continuous Operation mode (and return them
to normal mode), can only be called from an NLM application.
It cannot be called from a workstation application. If a
workstation attempts to perform a Btrieve operation 42,
NetWare Btrieve v6.0 returns a status 20 (Btrieve Not
Loaded). NetWare Btrieve v5.x will return a status 1 (Invalid
Operation).



**********************************************
**********************************************
TECHNICAL INSIGHTS:
NetWare System Calls Doumentation Update
(NetWare System Calls for DOS v1.2)
**********************************************
**********************************************

When a workstation calls VerifyNetworkSerialNumber(), if the
networkSerialNumber parameter does not match the network's
serial number, the calling workstation will lose its
connection to the network. Although the documentation does
not include this information, the function was intended to
work this way. The return values are only valid if the match
occurs and some other error causes a non-zero return code.

The Btrieve v6.0 Developer's Kit Supplement includes a sample
NLM application that demonstrates the proper usage of
operation 42. Both the C source code and the compiled NLM are
included.



**********************************************
**********************************************
TECHNICAL INSIGHTS:
Closing Temporary Socket in BeginDiagnostics()
(NetWare C Interface for DOS v1.2)
**********************************************
**********************************************

If you call BeginDiagnostics() multiple times, the 11th
attempt fails when searching for a target. This occurs
because BeginDiagnostics() does not close the temporary
socket.

To prevent failure of BeginDiagnostics(), modify the source
code for DIAG.C as shown in Figure 6, so that
IPXCloseSocket() is called when an error occurs.

**********************************************
FIGURE 6: Required modifications to DIAG.C

int BeginDiagnostics(destination, connectionID, componentList )
*
*
 /* first open a socket then init receive ECB's */
 tempSocket = (WORD)0x00;    /* let IPX pick socket number */
  ccode = IPXOpenSocket((BYTE)&tempSocket, 0);

  /* call to function */
  if( (ccode = GetRemoteSPXSocket(destination,componentList))
!= 0 )
   Error = COULD_NOT_OPEN_SOCKET;
  else
  {
    for (i=0; i<RESPONSE_ECBS; i++)
    {
*
*
  if (Error == NO_ERRORS)
  {
  *
  *
    if (ccode == 0)
    {
    *
    *
    else
      Error = COULD_NOT_BEGIN_CONNECTION;
 /* Comment out or remove the following unnecessary lines. */
      if (Error != NO_ERRORS)
         IPXCloseSocket (thisECB.socketNumber);
    }
  else
   Error = COULD_NOT_OPEN_SOCKET;

/* Insert the following line to close the temporary socket */
  IPXCloseSocket (tempSocket);

  return (Error);

END of FIGURE 6
**********************************************



**********************************************
**********************************************
TECHNICAL INSIGHTS:
File in DOS Partition Fails to Truncate
(Network C for NLMs v2.0 (d))
**********************************************
**********************************************

Specifying a length that is shorter than the file length on a
call to DOSWrite() does not cause the file to truncate to the
new length. To illustrate, consider the following sequence of
events:

*       DOSOpen(), DOSRead(), DOSClose()
*       Data was modified
*       DOSOpen(), DOSWrite(), DOSClose()
*       Examination of file reveals no change in file length has
        occured

In this example, a file in the DOS partition of a NetWare
file server that contains five lines. The application NLM
reads the five lines and modifies the data to only have four
lines and writes it back out. Later, viewing the file again
indicates that the fifth line is still in the file.

The DOSWrite API writes data to a particular offset for a
particlar length. In order to "rewrite" a file, the second
DOSOpen() call listed in above example must be changed to
DOSCreate(). The NLM Reference, Volume 2 states that
DOSCreate() will truncate an existing file or create a file
if it does not exist. The call to DOSCreate() returns a file
handle that can be used on subsequent calls to DOSWrite()
and DOSClose().



**********************************************
**********************************************
TECHNICAL INSIGHTS:
Brequest v6.0 /L Option
(NetWare Btrieve (NLM) v6.00x)
**********************************************
**********************************************

In Brequest v6.0x, an new undocumented load option, /L,
allows you to load another instance of Brequest even if
Brequest is already loaded. This option is useful if you want
to run Windows applications utilizing the Btrieve requester
while running DOS VM applications that use Brequest.

To run Windows applications that use the Btrieve requester,
Brequest must be loaded before starting Windows. In order to
run DOS applications in Windows, Brequest must be loaded in
each DOS session. However, if Brequest is loaded outside of
Windows, it cannot be loaded again in a DOS session.

For Windows applications utilizing the Btrieve requester,
load Brequest outside of Windows. In each Windows DOS session
that will be running a Btrieve application, load Brequest
with the /L option. Doing so will load another instance of
Brequest that is only available to the DOS session. Doing so
provides the DOS session with its own copy of Brequest and
prevents the DOS session from using the instance of Brequest
that was loaded before Windows was started.



**********************************************
**********************************************
TECHNICAL INSIGHTS:
TTSTransactionStatus() Requires LongSwap()
(Network C for NLMs v2.0 (e))
**********************************************
**********************************************

When using TTSTransactionStatus() on a local server, CLib
does not long swap the transaction number. An incorrect
transaction number will result in one of two problems. Either
the TTSTransactionStatus() call will erroneously report that
the transaction has completed, or it will show that the
transaction has never completed.

With CLib v3.11(d) and earlier, when using the
TTSTransactionStatus() call on a local server, LongSwap() the
transaction number to avoid this situation.



**********************************************
**********************************************
TECHNICAL INSIGHTS:
NetWare SQL Updates & Indexed Fields
(NetWare SQL v3.00b)
**********************************************
**********************************************

If you send NetWare SQL an UPDATE SQL statement with a
restriction based on a field that is an index, only the first
record matching the restriction will be updated. For example,

        UPDATE Appointments SET
        Amount^Due = 0.00 WHERE ID > 0

will only update the first record having ID > 0, if ID is an
index in the "Appointments" table. No other records will be
updated.

This situation was introduced by the NetWare SQL December
patch release (v3.00b) and will be fixed in patch release
v3.00c. Currently, the only workaround is to use NetWare SQL
with the September patch release installed (v3.00a).



**********************************************
**********************************************
TECHNICAL INSIGHTS:
Mux Semaphores and SPX
(NetWare OS/2 Developer's Kit v2.0)
**********************************************
**********************************************

Under OS/2, if you issue a "wait" command on mux semaphores
with one of the semaphores in the mux list being the ECB
semaphore, the apparent result is that the ECB semaphore
never clears. Actually, the semaphore is cleared and reset by
SPX, but the application is never notified. This situation
results in the "wait" never returning if it is set to
"infinite."

The situation does not occur with event or mutex semaphores.
If you need to wait on more than one semaphore, create
multiple threads that individually block one each on each
semaphore.



**********************************************
**********************************************
TECHNICAL INSIGHTS:
File Level Access with Brequest v5.16 & v6.0
(NetWare Btrieve (NLM) v6.0)
**********************************************
**********************************************

With Brequest v5.16, users are allowed to write to a Btrieve
file if the user has "Write" access to the directory, even if
the user does not have "Write" access to the file.

This situation does not occur with Brequest v6.0, since
Brequest v6.0 uses file-level access rather than directory-
level access. If a user has "RWCEMFA" access to a directory
but only "RF" (read and file scan) access to a file, Brequest
v6.0 returns a status 94 (Permission Error) on the Open
operation.

"Supervisor" access to a directory works differently. If a
user has "Supervisor" access, any file can be opened
regardless of which requester is in use. "Supervisor" rights
override all inherited rights masks in subdirectories and
files.



**********************************************
**********************************************
TECHNICAL INSIGHTS:
Driver Load Order with LANSUP and OS/2 v2.0
(NetWare OS/2 Requester v2.0)
**********************************************
**********************************************

When using the OS/2 driver LANSUP (the Open DataLink
Interface that allows multiple protocols on an OS/2 machine
from IBM), the order in which the drivers are loaded is
different than if ODINSUP is used. If you load the drivers in
the wrong order, one of three situations will result:

*       The machine fails to load the operating system.
*       The machine successfully loads the operating system, but
        reports numerous driver errors.
*       The machine sucessfullly initializes (without errors),
        but no NetWare services are available because the wrong
        protocols have been bound to the NIC.

To avoid problems with LANSUP, load the drivers in CONFIG.SYS
in the order shown in Figure 7.

**********************************************
FIGURE 7: Correct driver load order when using LANSUP driver

device=lsl.sys
run=ddaemon.exe
DEVICE=LANSUP.SYS
device=ipx.sys
device=spx.sys
run=spdaemon.exe
device=nmpipe.sys
device=npserver.sys
run=npdaemon.exe
...

END of FIGURE 7
**********************************************



**********************************************
**********************************************
TECHNICAL INSIGHTS:
Int 21 Function 3F Bug in NETX.EXE
(NetWare Shell (NETX.EXE) v3.31)
**********************************************
**********************************************

If a section of a file is locked with Int 21 function 5C00
and another workstation using that file tries to read from
the locked area, the call appears to succeed, even though it
should fail. The carry flag should be set and an error code
should be returned in the AX register. The error code (5, in
this case) is being returned, but the carry flag is not being
set, so the contents of the AX register are processed as the
number of bytes read rather than as an error code. In this
case, it is impossible to tell if an error has occurred.

This bug has been detected in v3.26 and v3.31 of NETX.EXE,
and may exist in others versions.



**********************************************
**********************************************
TECHNICAL INSIGHTS:
Continuous Operations and File Logging
(NetWare SQL v3.0)
**********************************************
**********************************************

File logging and backups can both be used to rebuild Btrieve
files after a system failure. However, file logging and
Continuous Operations mode should never be used
simultaneously.

Btrieve v6.0 Continuous Operations mode allows continuous
access to Btrieve files while the files are being backed up.
When a file is open in Continuous Operation mode, the log
file is still being updated. If you activate logging and
place the file in Continuous Operations mode, at some point
the file will no longer be synchronized with the log file.

To illustrate, consider the following sequence of events:

1.      A Btrieve file is backed up
2.      File logging is activated
3.      The file is modified (update, delete, or insert
        operation)
4.      The file is placed in Continuous Operations mode
5.      The file is modified again
6.      Backup completes and the file is removed from Continuous
        Operations mode

At this point, if a a backup was required, the backup from
step 4 would be restored. The backup would reflect all the
changes that were made in step 3. The log file, however,
would contain both the changes made in step 3 and step 5. If
you used the log file at a later date, you would be making
the same modifications to the file and such duplication could
result in errors.



**********************************************
**********************************************
TECHNICAL INSIGHTS:
ScrollScreenRegionUp() overwrites memory
(Network C for NLMs v2.0 (e))
**********************************************
**********************************************

ScrollScreenRegionUp() can overwrite memory if used on line
0, with the title bar active.In other words,
ScrollScreenRegionUp(0,1) while you have the <ALT> key down
will cause this to occur. If you scroll more than one line,
the problem does not occur.

To prevent memory overwrites, either write spaces to line 0,
or always scroll more than one line.



**********************************************
**********************************************
TECHNICAL INSIGHTS:
XQL and .SHR Files
(XQL for DOS v2.11)
**********************************************
**********************************************

In the December 1992 issue of Bullets, "Handle Usage with
User Rights & XQL Load" described how XQL creates and
maintains a .SHR file. Another anomaly has been found
regarding this issue.

If XQL is patched so that it can be accessed from within
Windows, and then is loaded from the WINSTART.BAT file, XQL's
.SHR file is created in the user's current directory when
Windows is started. Later, if a user opens a DOS session and
tries to load XQL again from the same directory, one of two
situations will occur:

1)      If DOS SHARE was loaded before Windows, a Sharing
        Violation Error will be returned and XQL will not load.

2)      If DOS SHARE was not loaded, XQL will overwrite the .SHR
        file already present with a new .SHR file. Subsequently
        unloading XQL from this DOS session will cause this .SHR
        file to be deleted, leaving the XQL that was loaded by
        WINSTART.BAT without an .SHR file to use. This situation
        will eventually cause status 202 or 821 (Invalid Cursor
        ID) errors to be returned.

The previous situations occur only when the .SHR files are
created on a local drive. If the current working directory is
a NetWare drive, neither situation occurs; two .SHR files are
properly created and maintained in the same NetWare
directory.

If using a local drive, either load XQL inside the DOS
session from a different directory than the current working
directory from which Windows was started, or specify an /x:
parameter on the XQL load line pointing to a different
directory. For more information on the /x: parameter, consult
the December 1992 issue of Bullets.



**********************************************
**********************************************
TECHNICAL INSIGHTS:
Events Cannot Be Unregistered While In Progress
(Network C for NLMs v2.0)
**********************************************
**********************************************

When you register for an event "Down File Server", you
provide it with a report procedure and a "warn" procedure to
execute. If you attempt to call UnRegisterForEvent() for
"Down File Server" in either of these functions, it will fail
with a return code of (-1).

You cannot call UnRegisterForEvent() while the event is
occurring. In the case of the "Down File Server" event, it is
unnecessary to unregister the event if the file server is
going down.



**********************************************
**********************************************
TECHNICAL INSIGHTS:
min() & max() are Both Macros and Functions
(Network C for NLMs v2.0 (d))
**********************************************
**********************************************

The functions min() and max() are defined as macros in
STREAM.H, but are prototyped as functions in STDLIB.H. If
STREAM.H is included before STDLIB.H, the compiler attempts
to expand the prototype in STDLIB.H with the macro from
STREAM.H. This situation results in syntax errors in
STDLIB.H.

To avoid problems, either always include STREAM.H after
STDLIB.H, or modify STDLIB.H by replacing the prototypes with
copies of the macro definitions from STREAM.H.



**********************************************
**********************************************
TECHNICAL INSIGHTS:
NWSTRM.H Header File Redefines delay()
(Network C for NLMs v2.0)
**********************************************
**********************************************

NWSTRM.H redefines delay() to be streamdelay() which takes
ticks instead of milliseconds. Thus, a call to delay(55) will
not delay for one tick, but will delay for 55 ticks.

Currently, there is no "clean" workaround for this situation.
Until further notice, call delay() from a module that does
not include NWSTRM.H. Otherwise, you will need to modify the
header file.



**********************************************
**********************************************
TECHNICAL INSIGHTS:
Blank Users Cause Security Problems
(Xtrieve PLUS v4.1x)
**********************************************
**********************************************

Recent versions of Xtrieve PLUS do not support blank users;
if a blank user exists in the USER.DDF data dictionary file,
then whenever Xtrieve PLUS is loaded, a status 205 (Invalid
Password) will be returned.

This error message is returned when Xtrieve PLUS logs into a
set of .DDF files. Xtrieve PLUS first attempts an xLogin to
the dictionaries. If a status 209 (Invalid User) is returned,
Xtrieve PLUS attempts another xLogin, prompting for a
username and a password. If anything other than a status 209
is returned on the first xLogin call, Xtrieve PLUS will not
prompt the user for the username and password.

When Xtrieve PLUS attempts its first xLogin call, it always
passes a blank username and a blank password. Normally, this
would return status 209 on a dictionary with security
installed, but since there is actually a blank entry in the
USER.DDF file, a status 205 is returned instead. Since
Xtrieve PLUS does not trap for anything but a status 209 on
the xLogin, the status 205 would be relayed to the Xtrieve
PLUS user.

It is interesting to note that XQLI will prompt for a
username and password if security is installed on the data
dictionary files, without attempting an initial XQLLogin
call. XQLI will prompt the user for a password even if the
user name is blank. So, the status 205 will not occur when
logging in through XQLI, unless the password specified is
actually invalid.

To prevent the status 205, remove the blank user from
USER.DDF using BSIM.EXE, B.EXE, or any utility that provides
Btrieve or XQLP function calls. The .DDF files have Btrieve
owner names defined for them when security is installed. The
Btrieve owner name on the .DDF files is the same as the
Master password specified when security was installed. You
can check USER.DDF for a blank user by generating an ASCII
file with BUTIL -SAVE on key path 0. If there is a blank
user, then read and delete the record with the blank user
using a Btrieve or XQL utility.



**********************************************
**********************************************
TECHNICAL INSIGHTS:
NSD201 Interferes with NWTools
(NetWare OS/2 Requester v2.0)
**********************************************
**********************************************

NWTools script files (.NWS files) created with version 2.0a
of the OS/2 Requester will not run properly after the drivers
are updated with the OS/2 v2.0 requester patch file (NSD201).
Specific examples include not being able to attach to a
server with an .NWS file.

This situation is apparently caused by NWTOOLS.EXE and
NWTOOLS.DLL, which are included with NSD201. New script files
may also function incorrectly. To ensure that script files
work properly, save a backup of NWTOOLS.EXE and NWTOOLS.DLL
before installing NSD201. Otherwise, install the latest
version, NSD202, which is fully compatible with the files
mentioned above.



**********************************************
**********************************************
NIBBLES AND BITS
Fast Answers to common questions
**********************************************
**********************************************

**********************************************
Network C for NLMs

Q       When I try to retrieve the status for a Macintosh file
        in the root directory, the stat() function returns "0"
        rather than "1" for the st_originatingNameSpace field.
        What should I do?

A       If you need to obtain originating name space for a
        Macintosh file, use AFPDirectoryEntry() instead.
**********************************************


**********************************************
NetWare C Interface for DOS

Q       How can I get the System UP time for a NetWare v3.11
        server from a client application?

A       In the NetWare 3.x and 4.0 environments, you have to
        write an NLM to be placed in the AUTOEXEC.NCF file that
        reads the system time and writes it to a text file.
        Then, the client applcation must read this text file and
        the current system time on the fileserver and subtract
        the current time from the time that was recorded by the
        NLM.
**********************************************


**********************************************
NetWare C Interface for Windows

Q       No matter what structure size I specify in
        GetServerInformation() under Windows, it always returns
        128 bytes of data. What should I do?

A       Always allocate at least 128 bytes for the received
        statistics buffer to avoid overwriting memory.
**********************************************


**********************************************
NACS/NASI

Q       My NASI application has run fine under NACS/NASI v2.x,
        but seems to hang under NACS/NASI v3.x.

A       The reply buffer to the call Query Name Service
        (function 0x21) is 32 bytes long. The current
        documentation (Sept. 1988, Rev. 2.06) shows the reply
        buffer as 30 bytes. The extra two bytes are at the end
        of the reply buffer and have the following values:

           31: Port number located by query
           32: Port status:
                0x00:Port Idle
                0x01:Port Down (hardware fail)
                0x02:Port Connected (no data transfer yet)
                0x03:Port Suspended (on hold)
                0x04:Port Busy (data being transfered)

Q       Under NACS/NASI v3.00, a call to Query Name Service
        (function 0x21) returns only those ports which are not
        connected. How can I retrieve all ports?

A       Download the PTF-359 patch file from CompuServe (NOVLIB,
        LIB 9). This patch will add the necessary functionality
        to the Query Name Service call. Then, when the Query
        Name Service is called, all ports will be returned and
        the 32nd byte of the Query Name Service reply buffer
        will indicate the port status:

            0x00:Port Idle
            0x01:Port Down (hardware failure)
            0x02:Port Connected (no data transfer yet)
            0x03:Port Suspended (on hold)
            0x04:Port Busy (data being transferred)
**********************************************


**********************************************
NetWare OS/2 Developer's Kit

Q       When I call PeekPipe() and ReadPipe() with a zero buffer
        length specified, the pipe is disconnected and error
        109, "Pipe Broken," is returned, even on a valid pipe.
        What should I do?

A       Specify that a buffer of at least one byte is used. In
        the case of the peek, doing so will not cause a problem,
        since the contents are left in the pipe anyway.
**********************************************


**********************************************
NetWare Btrieve

Q       What version of the Btrieve reques-ter should I use with
        BSERVER.VAP v5.15 on NetWare 2.2?

A       For all versions of NetWare Btrieve (VAP or NLM), you
        should have the latest Btrieve requester loaded at each
        workstation. The latest versions are:

        *       Btrieve Requester for DOS (BREQUEST.EXE) v6.00b
        *       Btrieve Requester for OS/2 (BTRCALLS.DLL) v6.00b
        *       Btrieve Requester for Windows (WBTRCALL.DLL) v6.00c
**********************************************


**********************************************
Windows

Q       How can I determine if a DOS application is running
        under Windows?

A       The assembly code in Figure 8 demonstrates an interrupt
        that determines if a DOS application is running under
        Windows v3.1.

**********************************************
FIGURE 8:       Determining if a DOS application is running under
                Windows v3.1

mov     ax, 160ah     ;
int     2fh           ; Check if in Windows 3.1 DOS box
or      ax, ax        ;
jz      Windows31     ; Jump if Windows 3.1

END of FIGURE 8
**********************************************

This function call also will determine if Windows v3.1 is
running in 386 Enhanced Mode or Standard Mode. If the
function determines that Windows v3.1 is running, it sets CX
equal to two if Windows is running in Standard Mode. If
Windows is running in Enhanced mode, it sets CX equal to
three.
**********************************************



**********************************************
**********************************************
B R A I N S H A R E    1 9 9 3
March 22-26
Salt Lake City, Utah

A special supplement to
Novell Professional Developer B U L L E T S
**********************************************
**********************************************

BrainShare '93 is your chance to hook up with the leading
technical experts in the network computing industry. This
technical development conference brings together the
industry's top minds in development, integration and support
with the top technical minds at Novell for the most
informative, comprehensive event of its kind in the network
computing industry. More than 2,000 people attended
BrainShare '92, and BrainShare '93 promises to be bigger and
better than ever.


Who Should Attend

BrainShare '93 offers a valuable opportunity to anyone who
develops or supports network computing solutions. If you're a
software or hardware developer, member of a support staff,
systems integrator or consultant, Certified NetWare Engineer,
Certified NetWare Instructor, or company executive, you
shouldn't miss this gathering of network computing
professionals.


Technical Content

The conference features more than 235 technical breakout
sessions dealing with all phases of NetWare development,
integration and support. These sessions are presented by the
Novell architects and engineers who write and support
NetWare, so you get the information you need straight from
the experts. NetWare v4.0, the industry's first distributed
operating system for local area networks, will be a featured
topic.

Breakout sessions will be presented at BrainShare on the
following topics:

        Accessing host systems
        Building a secure and reliable network
        Certified NetWare Instructors
        Client application development
        Client-server development
        Communications
        Database technologies
        Directory Services
        Hardware support issues
        International issues
        Macintosh connectivity
        Messaging and E-mail
        The NetWare desktop
        NetWare hubs and routers
        NetWare Loadable Module development
        The NetWare operating system
        NetWare transports and protocols
        Network management
        New NetWare technologies
        Service and support
        Systems integration issues
        UNIX
        UnixWare
        Wide area networks

BrainShare '93 will be held on the University of Utah campus.
The conference will take over a majority of the campus,
utilizing 25 classrooms for the technical breakout sessions.
In response to requests from last year's conference
attendees, many of the sessions have been extended in length,
to allow for greater technical content. Technical breakout
sessions have also been extended into Friday afternoon,
giving you more access to the sessions.


BrainShare Scheduler Utility

With over 235 breakout sessions from which to choose,
scheduling your week could be a nightmare. To make scheduling
your week easier, BrainShare provides the BrainShare
Scheduler. This GUI utility, available for Windows v3.1 and
OS/2 v2.0, allows to interactively schedule the breakout
sessions you want to attend. With it you can access all
session abstracts, with cross referencing tools and filters
available.

The result of using the utility is a printed schedule. After
returning the printed schedule to the BrainShare registration
office, you will receive tickets to the sessions you have
selected. These tickets give you priority access to the
sessions. Attendees without tickets will not be allowed into
the classrooms until five minutes before the start of each
session. This insures that you get the technical information
you need and get the most from the BrainShare conference.


Keynotes

BrainShare '93 features outstanding industry luminaries.
Here's the lineup:

Monday          Bob Supnik      V.P. & Tech. Director of Engineering
                                Digital Equipment Corporation

Tuesday         John Landry     Chief Tech. Officer & VP Development
                                Lotus Development Corporation

Wednesday       Philippe Kahn   President & Chief Executive Officer
                                Borland International, Inc.

Thursday        John Sculley    Chairman, CEO & Technology Officer
                                Apple Computer, Inc.

Friday          John Edwards    Executive V.P. & General Manager,
                                Desktop Systems Group, Novell, Inc.

                 Drew Major      Senior Scientist & Systems Architect
                                 Novell, Inc.


Friday's General Session

There are a few suprises in store for attendees at Friday's
general session. John Edwards will start the morning with a
strategic perspecitive on Novell and NetWare, especially as
they are affected by the USL announcement. Drew Major will
again be giving us his vision on the future of the NetWare
operating system.

The Management Q & A Panel is your best opportunity to get
direct feedback from Novell executives. At the conclusion of
the Management Q & A there will be several valuable prizes
awarded to attendees. Since you must be present to win, you
won't want to miss this opportunity.


NetWare 4.0

NetWare 4.0 will be a major topic of discussion at BrainShare
'93. As an added bonus, all attendees will receive a CD
containing NetWare 4.0. This limited-used version will give
you the head start you need in developing enterprise-wide
applications or learning to install and maintan this next
generation operating system.


Labs

BrainShare '93 retains many of the features of past Novell
technical conferences. The BrainShare Lab will again
demonstrate solutions to real customer problems, using the
latest NetWare technologies and products.

One of the most exciting new features of BrainShare '93 is
the addition of the Certified NetWare Engineer Professional
Association (CNEPA) Hands-On Lab. Hands-on sessions will
cover a variety of subjects, including:

        Advanced NetWare printing
        Tuning and optimization
        PC/UNIX connectivity
        NetWare SFT Level III
        Dial-in/dial-out connectivity
        Network support tools
        Analyzing the LAN using LANalyzer for Windows
        Multiple protocol routing
        NetWare 4.0
        UnixWare and NetWare

The labs are conducted by CNEs and run concurrently with the
breakout sessions. They allow you to experience many of the
technologies you will be learning about in the classroom.


Sponsor Hospitality Night

One of the most popular BrainShare events is Monday's Sponsor
Hospitality Night. This provides a forum for Novell's
industry partners to present technologies and products of
interest to you. Sponsor Hospitality Night is again split
between the Marriott and Red Lion Hotels. Confirmed sponsors
include:

        3Com
        Blue Lance
        Borland
        Digital Equipment
        Hewlett-Packard
        IBM
        Intel
        Lotus
        Micropolis
        Microsoft
        OURS
        SMC
        Storage Dimensions
        Thomas-Conrad
        Univel
        Wang
        WordPerfect


Save $300 on Registration Fees

Between now and March 20, the registration price for the
conference is $1,295. Registration at the door is $1,595.


$100 Discount

If you are a member of a Novell program such as the CNE, CNI
or Novell Professional Developers' Program, you receive a
$100 discount off the registration price, no matter when you
register.


Register Today!

Register by phone, fax or mail:

BrainShare '93                  Phone: [phone], code 104
1395 N. Highway Dr.             or 1-314-827-5629
Fenton, MO 63099                Fax: [phone]


BrainShare International

Novell is taking BrainShare on the road -make your plans now
for BrainShare Europe and BrainShare Japan.

BrainShare Europe '93   BrainShare Japan '93
May 12-14                               June 22-24
Nice, France                    Tokyo, Japan



**********************************************
**********************************************
CURRENT PATCHES FOR NOVELL DEVELOPMENT TOOLS
**********************************************
**********************************************

Many problems encountered by Novell developers can be
resolved by using the current drivers and applying the latest
patches. In many cases, proper patching can save you a call
to the Developer Support Group.


NetWire

The latest NetWare drivers, example code for NetWare API
development tools, OS/2 requester patches, and patches for
Novell's database products are available on Novell's NetWire
forum on CompuServe. Back issues of Bullets and developer
FYIs are also available (NOVLIB, library 11).

New information is first stored in NOVLIB library 1, and
moved to library 7 after a period of 30 days. If you do not
have access to CompuServe, request these files from Novell's
Developer Support Group at 1-800-NETWARE (1-800-638-9273) or
1-801-429-5588.

When you call, be ready to provide a shipping address, disk
preference (5.25", 3.5", HD, or DD) and, if you prefer
overnight delivery, your company's Federal Express account
number. If you do not provide a Federal Express account
number, the patch disk will be sent to you via regular mail.


NOVDEV

Members of the Novell Professional Developers' Program can
obtain updated NetWare API SDK components from Novell's
NOVDEV forum on CompuServe. For more information on Novell
developer programs contact Novell at 1-800-NETWARE (1-800-
638-9273) or 1-801-429-5588.


For a Complete List...

A document describing available patches and other files and
their location on CompuServe is available through Novell
Developer Relation's Automated Fax System (AFS). This system
can provide you other useful information as well.

To use the AFS, call 1-800-RED-WORD (1-800-733-9673) or 512-
794-1796 from a touchtone phone. Then, choose the option for
the Automated Fax System, select the documents you wish to
receive, and supply your fax number (the fax number to which
you want the document(s) sent). Document #7805 describes the
patches. Document #1 lists all other documents available
through the Automated Fax System. Up to five documents can be
requested per call.



**********************************************
**********************************************
NOVELL DEVELOPER EDUCATION
**********************************************
**********************************************

Novell Developer Education offers several courses for
developers who use Novell's development & database tools,
including NetWare SQL, Btrieve, Xtrieve PLUS, and the NetWare
Client APIs.


904:    Btrieve: An Overview

This new course provides a general overview of NetWare
Btrieve v6.x and its new features. It covers file structures,
indexing, data integrity, record and file locking, caching,
operating modes, segmented keys, backward compatibility and
utilities.


905:    Programming with Btrieve

This course has been enhanced to cover all Btrieve operations
& environments. It provides a complete introduction to
Novell's server-based record manager. 50% of class time is
spent in programming workshops. Working knowledge of C,
BASIC, Pascal, or COBOL required. Prerequisite: 904: Btrieve:
An Overview


907:    Xtrieve PLUS

This course has been updated to include new features
introduced with NetWare SQL v3.0. It teaches developers to
use Xtrieve PLUS as a Btrieve or NetWare SQL programming
utility. Trains users of Btrieve- or NetWare SQL-based
database applications to work effectively with this menu
driven utility.


911:    NetWare Database Administrator

This new course gives a complete, hands-on look at installing
and configuring NetWare SQL and NetWare Btrieve. It covers
the basics of ANSI Standard Structured Query Language (SQL),
focusing on NetWare SQL and key database features like
security, referential integrity (RI), database design, data
normalization and performance.


912:    Programming with NetWare SQL

This new course is designed for developers and experienced
network and database administrators who will be developing
NetWare SQL applications or enhancing existing Btrieve
applications with NetWare SQL. It provides an in-depth look
at the functionality of NetWare SQL and discusses optimizing
database systems for development of efficient applications
using Novell database tools.


930:    Developing NetWare Loadable Modules (NLMs)

This course introduces C programmers to server-based
application development in the 32-bit NetWare 3.x
environment. It covers basic concepts for writing server-
based C applications that access the NetWare 3.x C library
(CLib). Requires working knowledge of the C language.


940:    NetWare Programming: Basic Services

This new lab-oriented class (40 percent lab work) introduces
NetWare programming concepts. It covers topics such as
bindery services, file system services, print services, queue
management, connection and file-server services, and
accounting and synchronization services. This class requires
knowledge of the C programming language.


945:    NetWare Programming: Protocol Support

This new class covers protocol support features. It also
discusses network programming concepts and techniques for
developing client-side applications, including Service
Advertising Protocol (SAP) IPX/SPX, diagnostics, NetBIOS,
TLI, and Named Pipes. This class requires strong knowledge of
the C programming language.


To obtain information on pricing, location, scheduling, &
course content for classes held in the US, call 1-800-233-
3382, 1-801-429-5508 or 1-800-NETWARE. Customers outside of
the U.S. should call 1-801-429-5508. For information on
availability, location, and prices of classes outside of the
U.S., contact your local Novell office.



**********************************************
**********************************************
FUN AND FACTS
Developer Trivia
**********************************************
**********************************************

Test your developing skills with the development products by
taking our Fun & Facts quiz. (See the end of this section for
answers.)

1.      With Btrieve 5.x, can you create a supplemental index at
        the same time you create the file?
        A.      Yes
        B.      No

2.      What error message does OS/2 v1.3 return if you try to
        run Brequest in a Global DOS box?
        A.      Error: Sys2090
        B.      "The system has encountered an error and cannot
                continue."
        C.      IpxOpenSocketFailed

3.      What is the syntax for thunking in OS/2 when thunking
        pointers to 16 bit pointers?
        A.      _Seg16
        B.      (thunk)
        C.      (far16)

4.      How large is an OS/2 SPX header?
        A.      36 bytes
        B.      42 bytes
        C.      43 bytes

5.      Under DOS, SPX uses Event Service Routines (ESRs) to
        perform certain requests when interrupted. What does
        OS/2 use to fulfill these types of requests?
        A.      ESRs
        B.      semaphores
        C.      pipes

6.      Xerox has assigned Novell a set of sockets to be used by
        NetWare. What is socket 456 used for?
        A.      Diagnostics
        B.      NetBIOS
        C.      Named Pipes

7.      Currently, three data streams are defined for NetWare.
        What are they?
        A.      DOS, MAC, & OS/2
        B.      DOS, MAC, & UNIX (NFS)
        C.      DOS, MAC, & FTAM


**********************************************
FUN AND FACTS ANSWERS

1.      B
2.      C
3.      A
4.      B
5.      B
6.      A
7.      C
**********************************************



**********************************************
**********************************************
CURRENTLY SUPPORTED VERSIONS OF NOVELL PRODUCTS
**********************************************
**********************************************

Communication Products

        NetWare for SAA                                 1.3
        NetWare 3270 LAN Workstation for DOS            2.0
        NetWare 3270 LAN Workstation for Macintosh      1.0
        NetWare 3270 LAN Workstation for Windows        1.1
        NetWare Access Server (NAS)                     1.2
        NetWare Asynchronous Communication
                Services (NACS)                         3.0


Database Products

        NetWare Btrieve (NLM)                           5.15
        NetWare Btrieve (VAP)                           5.15
        NetWare SQL (NLM)                               3.00b
        NetWare SQL (VAP)                               2.11

        Report Executive for DOS                        4.11a
        Report Executive for OS/2                       4.11a
        Xtrieve PLUS for DOS                            4.11b
        Xtrieve PLUS for OS/2                           4.11b


Development Products

        Btrieve for DOS                                 5.10a
        Btrieve for OS/2                                5.10
        Btrieve for Windows                             5.10
        NetWare C Interface for DOS                     1.2

        NetWare RPC for DOS                             1.1
        NetWare RPC 386                                 1.1
        NetWare SQL Developer's Kit                     3.00a
        NetWare System Calls for DOS                    1.0
        NetWare System Interface
                Technical Overview                      1.2

        Network C for DOS                               2.0
        XQL for DOS                                     2.11
        XQL for OS/2                                    2.11


Internetworking Products

        NetWare WAN Links                               2.0
        NetWare MultiProtocol Router                    2.0


NetWare Messaging

        NetWare Global Messaging                        1.0
        NetWare MHS Personal Ed.                        1.5p
        NetWare MHS 10-User                             1.5p
        NetWare MHS 50-User                             1.5b
        NetWare MHS Unlimited-Users                     1.5n


NetWare Operating System Products

        NetWare v3.11                                   3.11
        NetWare v2.2                                    2.2
        NetWare NFS                                     1.2
        NetWare Runtime
        NetWare FTAM                                    1.2

        NetWare for Macintosh (NLM)                     3.011
        NetWare Name Services


Network Management Products

        LANalyzer for Windows                           1.1
        NetWare Services Manager                        1.1
        LANalyzer Kit for Ethernet Networks             3.11a
        LANalyzer Kit for 4/16 Mbps
                Token Ring Networks                     3.11a
        LANalyzer Kit for Ethernet & 4/16 Mbps
                Token Ring Networks                     3.11a


Software Developer's Kits

        Btrieve v6.0 Developer's Kit Supplement         1.0
        LAN WorkPlace for DOS Toolkit                   4.1
        LAN WorkPlace for Macintosh Toolkit             1.3
        LAN WorkPlace for OS/2 Toolkit                  3.0
        MacIPX                                          1.0a5

        NASI: Programmer Reference Manual
        NetWare AppleTalk Interface for NLMs            1.1
        Network C for NLMs                              2.0 (e)
        NetWare C Interface for Macintosh               1.3
        NetWare C Interface for Windows                 1.3

        NetWare Client SDK                              1.0b
        NetWare for SAA LU6.2 Tools                     1.4
        NetWare Management System                       1.15
        NetWare Network Management Toolkit              1.0
        NetWare OS/2 Developer's Kit                    2.0

        NetWare SMF v71 Developer's Kit                 1.0
        NetWare 3270 Tools                              1.6
        NetWare TIRPC for DOS and NLMs                  1.0
        NLM SDK for NetWare v4.0                        1.0b
        Palm DOS SDK                                    1.0



**********************************************
**********************************************
REQUESTER VERSIONS
**********************************************
**********************************************


NetWare Shells and Requesters

        DOS Shell                                       3.31
        IPX (DOS)                                       3.31
        VIPX.386                                        1.14
        NetWare Requester for OS/2                      2.0
        NETWARE.DRV (Windows)                           2.0
        VNETWARE.386 (Windows)                          1.04


NetWare SQL                                         VAP     NLM

        Requester for DOS                           2.12a   3.00b
        Requester for OS/2                          2.11    3.00b
        Requester Interface for Windows 3.0         2.13    3.00b


NetWare Btrieve v5.15

        Requester for DOS                               6.0b
        Requester for OS/2                              6.0b
        Requester Interface for Windows 3.0             6.0c



**********************************************
**********************************************
CONTACTING NOVELL
**********************************************
**********************************************

To contact Developer Support, call 1-800-NETWARE
(1-800-638-9273), or 1-801-429-5588. Be prepared to
give the support operator your open incident
reference number. Developer Support questions may
also be sent by fax to 1-512-794-1775.

Many international distributors provide technical
support. Please contact your distributor or local
Novell office (see list at the end of this file)
for more information on international support
options.

Software patches may be obtained from Novell's
NetWire forum on CompuServe (NOVLIB, LIB 7), or by
contacting Developer Support and specifying the
patches you need by product name.

Novell database and development products can be
obtained through Novell Authorized Resellers, or by
calling 1-800-NETWARE (1-800-638-9273), or
1-801-429-5588.

Software Developer's Kits (SDKs) are available only
through Novell's Professional Developers' Program.
Call 1-800-NETWARE (1-800-638-9273),
or 1-801-429-5588.

For more information on Novell Labs' development
tools, education classes and product certification,
call 1-800-453-1267 or 1-801-429-5544.

For more information on Novell education classes,
call 1-800-NETWARE (1-800-638-9273),
or 1-801-429-5588.



**********************************************
**********************************************
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
**********************************************
**********************************************

Publisher:         Mad Poarch

Editor:            Kirk R. Humphries

Design:            Creative Services, Provo

Feature Articles:  Ron Cully and Vicki L. Smith

Contributors:      Gaurang Amin, Linda Anderson, Neda Eslami,
                   John King, Nancy Kromar, Rudy McNeese,
                   Chris Ojeda, Matt Pinsonneault, Bill Prentice,
                   Bob Quinlan, Drue Reeves, Michael A. Spano,
                   Howard Thamm, Aslam Tejani, and Brenda Wallace

Bullets is a publication from Novell's Developer Support
Group. Special thanks to the Developer Support, Development,
Developer Relations, Product Marketing, and Marketing
Communications staff who contributed time and valuable input.

(c) 1993 Novell, Inc. All rights reserved.

**********************************************
(c) 1992 Novell, Inc. All rights reserved. Novell, the N
design, NetWare, Btrieve, XQL, LAN WorkPlace and LANalyzer
are registered trademarks; NetWare Loadable Module (NLM),
NetWare Global Messaging, NetWare System Calls for DOS,
NetWare Runtime, NetWare SQL, NetWare Btrieve, NetWare C
Interface for DOS, NetWare System Interface Technical
Overview, NetWare for SAA, NetWare RPC, NetWare RPC 386,
NetWare LU6.2, Report Executive, NetWare MHS, NetWare
Asynchronous Communication Services (NACS), NetWare
Management System, NetWare 3270 LAN Workstation, LANtern and
Xtrieve PLUS are trademarks; and NetWire and Professional
Developers' Program are service marks of Novell, Inc. IBM and
OS/2 are registered trademarks, and NetBIOS and SAA are
trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation.
Microsoft is a registered trademark, and Windows is a
trademark of Microsoft Corporation. Macintosh and AppleTalk
are registered trademarks of Apple Computer, Inc. CompuServe
is a registered trademark of CompuServe Corporation. NFS is a
registered trademark of Sun Microsystems, Inc.
**********************************************



**********************************************
**********************************************
NOVELL OFFICES
**********************************************
**********************************************

Novell, Inc.
Corporate Headquarters
122 East 1700 South
Provo, Utah 84606-6194
USA
Tel.[phone]
FAX [phone]

**********************************************

Novell Australia
Level 2
2 Help Street
Chatswood NSW 2067
AUSTRALIA
Tel.[phone]
FAX [phone]

**********************************************

Novell Benelux
Excelsiorlaan 13
1930 Zaventem
BELGIUM
Tel.[phone]
FAX [phone]

**********************************************

Novell Brazil
Av. Ribererao Preto 13012
Sa¢ Paulo
BRAZIL
Tel. [phone]

**********************************************

Novell Canada
3100 Steeles Avenue E.
Suite 500
Markham, ONT L3R 8T3
CANADA
Tel.[phone]

**********************************************

Novell France
Tour Anjou
33, Quai De Dion-Bouton
92814 Puteaux Cedex
FRANCE
Tel.[phone]
FAX [phone]

**********************************************

Novell Germany
Willstètter Strasse 13
4000 Dƒsseldorf 11
GERMANY
Tel.[phone]
FAX [phone]

**********************************************

Novell Hong Kong
China Resources Bldg.
26 Harbour Rd. Room 4601-5
Wanchai
HONG KONG
Tel.[phone]
FAX [phone]

**********************************************

Novell India
Onward Novell Software
Kriston House, 2nd Floor
Saki Vihar Rd., Chandivali
Andheri (E) Bombay 400 072
INDIA
Tel.[phone]
FAX [phone]

**********************************************

Novell Italy
Via San Vittore 40
20123 Milan
ITALY
Tel.[phone]
FAX [phone]

**********************************************

Novell Japan
Toei Mishuku Bldg.3F
1-13-1 Mishuku
Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 154
JAPAN
Tel.[phone]
FAX [phone]

**********************************************

Novell Korea
Donghwa Building 13F-5
25-5, Youido-dong
Youngdeungda-Ku
Seoul
KOREA
Tel.[phone]
FAX [phone]

**********************************************

Novell Mexico
Insurgentes Sur
No. 1160 P.H.
Mexico D.F. 03100
MEXICO
Tel.[phone]
FAX [phone]

**********************************************

Novell Singapore
Level 36
Hong Leong Bldg.
16 Raffles Quay
Singapore 0104
SINGAPORE
Tel.[phone]
FAX [phone]

**********************************************

Novell Spain
Paseo Castellana, 40bis
28046 Madrid
SPAIN
Tel.[phone]
FAX [phone]

**********************************************

Novell Sweden
Kottbyjatan 7
16475 Kista
SWEDEN
Tel.[phone]
FAX [phone]

**********************************************

Novell Switzerland
vor Ort 21
CH-8104 Weiningen-Zurich
SWITZERLAND
Tel.[phone]
FAX [phone]

**********************************************

Novell Taiwan
2F2 383 Jen Al Road
Section 4
Taipei
TAIWAN, R.O.C.
Tel.[phone]
FAX [phone]

Novell United Kingdom
Avon House, Sweetwell Road
Bracknell, Berkshire
RG12 1HH
UNITED KINGDOM
Tel.[phone]
FAX [phone]



**********************************************
**********************************************
Novell Professional Developer
B  U  L  L  E  T  S
**********************************************
FEBRUARY 1993
Volume 5 Number 2
**********************************************
**********************************************


END OF FILE
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